German banks tightened their credit standards for loans to enterprises marginally in the second quarter 2022. In the case of loans to households for house purchase, the tightening of credit standards was stronger than at any other time since the introduction of the BLS. Credit standards for consumer credit and other lending were also tightened.

Laut der Umfrage zum Kreditgeschäft im Euro-Währungsgebiet vom Juli 2022 wurden die Kreditrichtlinien (d. h. die internen Richtlinien oder Kriterien einer Bank für die Kreditgewährung) für Unternehmenskredite (inklusive Kreditlinien) im zweiten Quartal 2022 nochmals deutlich verschärft. 

The advantages or disadvantages firms experience as a result of their size, referred to in the economic literature as returns to scale, are of central importance in many economic models. Increasing returns to scale, whereby unit costs decrease as output volume increases, could explain productivity differences between Europe and the United States. We present fresh evidence on the returns to scale of European firms: most exhibit constant returns to scale, but a non-trivial share also show increasing returns to scale.