The latest event in the Bundesbank Invited Speakers Series saw Stanford University professor Darrell Duffie and Bundesbank Executive Board member Fritzi Köhler-Geib discuss the role that payment systems play in demand for central bank reserves. Their conversation also focused on structural change in the financial system as well as the impact of digital innovations on monetary policy and financial stability.

Die Jahreswachstumsrate des weit gefassten Geldmengenaggregats M3 erhöhte sich im November 2025 auf 3,0 % nach 2,8 % im Oktober. In den drei Monaten bis November betrug sie durchschnittlich 2,9 %.

In economic life, people often use banknotes and coins to make small purchases. But when larger amounts are involved, they pay by credit transfer or with a bank card instead of cash.

Euro banknotes and coins are used for many payments every day. Private individuals and businesses usually withdraw this cash from their account at their bank. But where do the banks get this cash?

For our daily purchases we can withdraw cash from our bank account. But where do the banks get this cash from? What happens to the cash after we have paid with it? And who makes sure that there is always enough cash where it’s needed, when it’s needed? The following film gives an overview.

We use money every day, taking it for granted in our daily lives. At the same time, money is one of the most important business areas for any central bank. But what exactly is money? What forms does it take, and what are the characteristics that turn something into money? We answer these and other questions in the following animation film.

In our everyday lives, we are regularly confronted with terms that carry "interest" in their names. But what exactly are interest rates and what influence do they have? We want to get to the bottom of the most important interest terms and economic interrelationships in this explanatory film.