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Pro-cyclical emissions, real externalities, and optimal monetary policy Discussion paper 04/2025: Francesco Giovanardi, Matthias Kaldorf
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Annual Report 2024
As in 2023, the monetary policy measures of the past few years shaped the Bundesbank’s annual accounts in the 2024 financial year. For the reporting year, it has recorded an accumulated loss of €19.2 billion.
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Monthly Report – February 2025 Vol. 77 No 2
The February 2025 monthly report explains the economic situation in Germany at the turn of 2024/25.
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Selected master data for MFIs – Data Report 2025-02 – Metadata Version 11 Harald Stahl
139 KB, PDF
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Statistical Series International investment position and external debt February 2025
5 MB, PDF
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Costs of Cash and Card Payments from a Consumer Perspective Study commissioned by the Deutsche Bundesbank (Modul 3)
The costs of payment methods for consumers are difficult to determine, not recorded in a harmonised manner on an international level and consequently vary significantly from country to country. For this reason, a separate study is necessary for Germany. As part of a representative survey conducted in 2023, households were asked about the costs they incurred when using various means of payment.