The European single market and intra-EU trade: An assessment with heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences methods Discussion paper 26/2025: Arne J. Nagengast, Fernando Rios-Avila, Yoto V. Yotov

Non-technical summary

Research Question

The European Union (EU) is considered the most prominent and successful international integration effort in the world. Despite the economic and political importance of the EU as the largest free trade area in the world, there are surprisingly few studies that have evaluated the impact of EU membership on intra-EUtrade. Moreover, previous studies rely on estimators that have recently been shown to be potentially biased in the presence of treatment effect heterogeneity.

Contribution

Against this backdrop, the contribution of our paper is twofold. First, from a policy and academic perspective, we combine established methods from the structural gravity literature with recent heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences (DiD) methods to re-evaluate the impact of membership in the EUSingle Market on international trade, and to explore the heterogeneity of the EUeffects across various dimensions. 
Second, on the methods and practical front, our contribution is to introduce a new, fast, and flexible estimation command that combines leading estimation techniques from the gravity literature with recent methods from the heterogeneity-robust DiD literature and fast computation approaches to handle high-dimensional fixed effects in linear and non-linear econometric models.

Results

The main result from our analysis is that the new estimation approach suggests that the EU has been more effective in promoting trade among its member states than estimates that are based on the current methods from the gravity literature. In addition, we find that the trade effects of the EU have been long-lasting, but heterogeneous across EU cohorts. Lastly, our results suggest that while the EU has benefited both ‘old’ and ‘new’ members, the increase in the exports from the ‘old’ members to the ‘new’ joiners has been larger.

 

 

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