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Firms’ returns to scale: new evidence from European firm-level data Research Brief | 73rd edition – February 2025
702 KB, PDF
The advantages or disadvantages firms experience as a result of their size, referred to in the economic literature as returns to scale, are of central importance in many economic models. Increasing returns to scale, whereby unit costs decrease as output volume increases, could explain productivity differences between Europe and the United States. We present fresh evidence on the returns to scale of European firms: most exhibit constant returns to scale, but a non-trivial share also show increasing returns to scale.
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Pro-cyclical emissions, real externalities, and optimal monetary policy Francesco Giovanardi, Matthias Kaldorf
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Understanding climate risk – an introduction
Junior to mid-level central bank officials working in the areas of monetary policy, monetary policy implementation, financial stability, banking supervision, banking regulation or international relations with a focus on challenges arising from climate, nature, and wider sustainability issues.
Participants knowledgeable in the area of climate, environmental or nature-related risks are invited to contribute short presentations based on their own expertise in this field to facilitate an interactive course.
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Joint Spring Conference on Monetary Policy and Expectations of Households and Firms Deutsche Bundesbank – Banque de France
23.06.2022
The Bundesbank and Banque de France Spring Conference on monetary policy and the expectations of households and firms toke place on 23 and 24 June. The event was centred around speeches by French central bank governor François Villeroy de Galhau and Bundesbank President Joachim Nagel.
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