In stock market speak, the term "haircut" refers in general to a discount. In particular cases, this could be, for instance, a percentage discount on the market value of a security that the debtor gives the creditor as collateral. The haircut shows the perceived risk involved in holding the security. In a collateralised transaction – such as a repo – the haircut provides the lender with a guarantee that, if the necessity arises, the proceeds from the sale of the security will be adequate to cover the outstanding debt. The amount of the haircut depends on the extent by which the value of the security is expected to fluctuate. The European Central Bank (ECB) also uses haircuts for its repurchase operations; the amount of the haircut depends on the risk inherent in the security in question. A haircut can also be applied to debt.

The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) is a measure of the development of consumer prices throughout Europe. It is calculated in the individual EU countries as well as in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland using harmonised concepts, methods and procedures. The Statistical Office of the European Union then amalgamates the national HICPs into a composite index for the euro area or the European Union. The Eurosystem uses the HICP as a measure of price development and a measure of price stability in the euro area.

A hedge fund is an investment fund which is less closely regulated than a mutual fund. The lower level of regulation enables hedge funds to invest in derivatives, for example, which investors can use to hedge against price losses on the stock market, hence the name “hedge fund”. The comparatively low level of regulation also gives hedge funds leeway to follow risky investment strategies with all types of financial instruments, which could result in high earnings but also in high losses. In response to the financial crisis and with a view to safeguarding financial stability, an EU directive was transposed in Germany in 2013 subjecting hedge fund managers to a number of provisions, including the requirement to hold a minimum amount of capital as well as disclosure obligations.

Households are individuals or groups of individuals considered independent economic entities, primarily as providers of labour power and as consumers. Private non-profit organisations are also included in the household sector.

Human capital describes the ability of the labour force to produce economic value through its competence, skills and knowledge. It is an important production factor that can be improved by investing in education and training. The human capital of an economic territory or enterprise is thus an important location factor and indicative of their economic potential.

An extreme form of inflation is known as hyperinflation. It is characterised by a rapid rise in price levels, usually with a monthly inflation rate of more than 50%. Germany experienced hyperinflation from 1922 to 1923.