User certificates can be automatically requested via our e-mail encryption gateway by sending an empty e-mail with the subject GetPublicKey to the respective e-mail address.

The credit valuation adjustment (CVA) framework is designed for OTC derivatives. These harbour not only market risk, but also credit risk. A deterioration in the credit quality of the derivative counterparty has a negative effect on the value of the derivative.

The ongoing monitoring of institutions also includes conducting on-site inspections. These give the Bundesbank deeper insights into institutions’ risk structures and the procedures they use to control risk. The Bundesbank’s supervisors investigate whether the internal risk measurement methods which institutions use to calculate their capital requirements can be approved.

OMTOS (OpenMarket Tender Operations System) is the electronic bidding system for the execution of the Eurosystem's open market operations as well as the foreign exchange Liquidity Providing Operations (LPO).

Market risk is the risk of losses in on- and off-balance sheet risk positions arising from movements in market prices. Under the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR), credit institutions are required to hold own funds for market risk to cover foreign exchange risk and commodities risk in their non-trading and trading books as well as position risk (risk of positions in debt and equity instruments) in their trading book. They can use either the standardised approach or internal risk models to calculate their market risk.

The forms are available in PDF format.

Even after the introduction of the euro, responsibility for the coin prerogative still lies with the competent national authorities; in Germany this is the Federal Ministry of Finance. The Bundesbank, for its part, is entrusted with the task of ensuring that a sufficient range of payment mediums are available to support the execution of payments.

Pictures and information on the national sides of the coins in circulation in Latvia.