This study examines the costs incurred by the use of cash and cashless payment methods in brick-and-mortar retail and related industries.

The November 2025 edition of the Monthly Report comments on the economic situation in Germany in autumn 2025.

Der Banknotenumlauf in Deutschland hat einen geringen ökologischen Fußabdruck. Das ist das Ergebnis einer Studie im Auftrag der Deutschen Bundesbank. Die Studie untersucht, wie sich die Ausgabe, Verteilung, Nutzung und Entsorgung von Euro-Banknoten auf die Umwelt auswirken.

Germany’s fiscal rules were fundamentally reformed in March. Extensive scope for borrowing now exists to address the major challenges in the areas of defence and infrastructure. This is appropriate on a temporary basis. However, because there is unlimited scope to borrow for defence spending, neither sound government finances nor compliance with the EU rules are guaranteed over the longer term. Also, the preferential status accorded to government investment within the scope for borrowing is only temporary. The following proposal to reform the debt brake addresses both of these issues. 

The risks to the German financial system have increased. The Financial Stability Review 2025 sees challenges from geopolitical tensions, trade conflicts and rising government debt.

Information of the ECB on potential benefits for public administrations of using instant payments.

In the October 2025 Monthly Report, one article looks at the finances of the European Union, examining Member States’ financial relationships with the EU in 2024 as well as the multiannual financial framework for the period from 2028 to 2034. In another article, authors analyse the effects of global uncertainty on international portfolio flows.