Notes on methodology

Under the European budgetary surveillance procedure, EU member states are obliged to submit data on general government deficit and debt levels to the European Commission twice a year.

Notes

Expected real interest rates are calculated based on nominal yields and inflation expectations from analyst surveys.

Director General Audit

Apart from its own bilateral and multilateral projects, the Bundesbank is engaged in projects financed by third parties. These alone account for one-third of the Centre for Technical Central Bank Cooperation’s activities.

TIBER-DE (Threat Intelligence-based Ethical Red Teaming) is a framework for threat-led ethical hacking exercises to strengthen the cyber resilience of the German financial sector. Banks, insurance companies, financial market infrastructures and key service providers of the aforementioned can participate in TIBER-DE tests on a voluntary basis to perform a realistic assessment of their cyber resilience. Interested companies can obtain non-binding information about the modalities of the tests (contact see right column). Providers who offer Red Teaming or Threat Intelligence services according to the TIBER-DE framework can also approach us in order to introduce themselves.

The certificate is self-signed with the SHA-256 algorithm and is valid for twelve years.

The certificate is self-signed with the SHA-256 algorithm and is valid for twelve years.

The Bundesbank has been collecting annual statistics on foreign direct investment stocks (DI) in accordance with the provisions of the Foreign Trade and Payments Regulation (Außenwirtschaftsverordnung) since 1976 and publishes aggregated results in the Bundesbank's Special Statistical Publication 10.

Anyone intending to acquire a significant holding in an institution or to increase an existing significant holding beyond certain thresholds must report this in writing without delay to BaFin and the Deutsche Bundesbank.

The IFS-Base is the core module of the Deutsche Bundesbank’s Investment Funds Statistics (IFS). Since September 2009 the IFS allows for a detailed overview of the assets and liabilities of German open-end investment funds on a fund-by-fund level.

The quarterly Bank Lending Survey for the Euro Area (BLS) comprises qualitative questions on past and expected future lending policies by participating institutions to the private non-financial sector as well as questions on credit demand.

The certificate is self signed with the SHA-512 algorithm and is valid for 6 years.

Die Finanzsanktionen gegen Myanmar/Birma dienen der Durchführung von Maßnahmen der Europäischen Union.